A haptic laparoscopic trainer based on affine velocity analysis: engineering and preliminary results

Abstract Background There is a general agreement upon the importance of acquiring laparoscopic skills outside operation room through simulation-based training. However, high-fidelity simulators are cost-prohibitive and elicit high cognitive load, while low-fidelity lack effective feedback. This paper describes simulator bridging existing gaps with affine velocity as new assessment variable. Primary validation results also presented. Methods Psycho-motor engineering key features have been considered e.g. haptic feedback complementary variables. Seventy-seven participants tested (17 expert surgeons, 12 intermediates, 28 inexperienced interns, 20 novices). The content validity was 10-point Likert scale discriminative power by comparing four groups’ performance over two sessions. Results Participants rated positively, from 7.25 to 7.72 out 10 (mean, 7.57). Experts intermediates performed faster fewer errors (collisions) than interns novices. brought additional differentiations, especially between Conclusion affordable makes it possible learn train techniques. Self-assessment basic easily slight cost compared simulators. It could be good trade-off among products currently used for surgeons'